拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生（Ralph Waldo Emerson，1803—1882）是十九世纪美国超验主义思想家、散文作家、诗人。他认为，诗人是“见者”“言者”“先知”和“语言创造者”，是具有代表性的人，唯有诗人才能刻画自然并揭示真理，因此，他素有“诗人—哲学家”的美称。本书为了纪念爱默生220周年华诞（2023年5月25日），进一步推动国内外爱默生诗歌创作与诗学理论研究而推出，是国内第一部爱默生诗歌选集的中文译本。共收录爱默生诗歌192首，其中包括他生前出版的《诗集》（Poems，1847）、《五月节与其他诗篇》（May-Day And Other Pieces，1867）和《诗选》（Selected Poems，1876）三个诗集中的全部诗作以及尚未收入这些诗集的诗篇30余首；体裁有长诗、抒情诗、卷首诗、格言诗、挽歌等；主题涉及自然、爱情、精神法则、政治、诗人的作用、诗歌语言以及诗歌创作本身等主题。

本书在小说叙事理论框架内，借用社会历史批评，选取美国现代作家威廉·福克纳后期（1942—1962年）作品为研究对象，分析南方家族变迁主题及其罗曼史的形式特点，辨析人物国家认同机制背后的象征意义和历史隐喻。福克纳这一时期的创作将社会理想置于南方历史与现实生活的中间地带，深刻揭示南方家族揉入的异质性，用乐观的笔调描述混血对家族生命力的积极意义。本书突破了黑白种族、贫富阶级的二元阐释范式，通过对人物时间观的整合，挖掘作家在对南方过去的执着回望中依稀建构出的理想社会愿景，探究作品暗含的乌托邦色彩。

本书以美国“自我”为圆点，以20世纪90年代以来的10部美国小说为半径，从宗教信仰与传统价值观、民族神话与“美国梦”、移民身份认同与种族问题、“9·11”创伤与世界主义愿景等方面探讨美国小说对民族性的建构、解构和重构，论述冷战结束后美国“自我”的危机及其引发的自我反思、拯救和展望。本书将文学研究和区域国别研究有机结合，剖析文学建构世界的能动性和美国民族性的动态性，为理解当代美国文学和理解美国提供了有益的中国视角。

国家认同是当下社会科学领域关注的重要课题之一。美国的国家认同包含公民身份认同与民族身份认同，其长期坚持WASP（盎格鲁撒克逊白人新教徒）作为民族身份的正统性，并且依照少数族裔的归化程度授予其公民身份，使国家成为排斥性和等级性的政治共同体，造成非裔美国人在国家认同中的冲突。

格温朵琳·布鲁克斯是20世纪重要的美国非裔诗人，“狂怒之花”是其诗艺人生的隐喻性概括：融合现代主义与黑人方言传统的精湛技艺，以及积极介入黑人解放的激进思想。本书系统地梳理了布鲁克斯跨越20世纪40至90年代的诗歌创作，结合不同时期美国的种族关系模式、黑人社会运动、种族政治思潮，以及诗人自身的诗学演变，概括特定时期的空间形态、空间经历、空间认知，阐述空间叙事指向国家认同的不同诉求与策略性建构。通过空间叙事与国家认同的动态关系一以贯之布鲁克斯研究，本书概括了诗人的艺术美学、诗学理念、社会思想，并且以此为棱镜透视了美国当代社会的国家认同问题及其历史演变。

本书主要以非裔美国作家托尼·莫里森小说中的美国南方地理空间为切入点，研究具体的地理空间书写与作品的政治想象之间的关联。本书分别从黑人青年的身体实践及种族身份的关系、历史记忆与政治理想、全球化时代流散群体的伦理关怀及现代性视野之下美国南方之于当代黑人群体的特殊意义这四个方面探讨莫里森的小说。研究发现，莫里森小说中的南方地理空间带有明显的政治想象和诉求，从早期的黑人精神家园塑造到中期的多样化居住地探寻，再到后期的理想家园设想，该空间的意义呈现出从后期向早期回归的倾向，使得作家关于美国南方的空间构想形成了一个近似的环形结构。最后，本书认为，作为虚构的美国南方体现了莫里森对黑人群体的历史与现实境遇的关切及对黑人文化的重视，作品中立体多样的空间探索也呈现出作家作为少数族裔精英同时捍卫族群与民族国家利益的复杂心态。

约翰·爱德加·怀德曼（1941— ）是当代美国著名非裔作家和社会评论家。在半个多世纪的勤奋笔耕中，他凭借精致的风格和对于当代问题的严肃思考荣膺诸多奖项，被誉为“当代最杰出、最有才华的黑人男作家之一”。怀德曼在作品中一再抒写其本人的创伤和家族悲剧，重访非裔的历史创伤，也关注后民权时代美国内城区底层阶级不能承受的宰制、歧视和隔离之痛。本书在创伤理论观照下，结合当代自传理论和新历史主义理论，深入阐析怀德曼的创伤书写。怀德曼的著作是美国非裔的创伤记忆之场，展现了被剥夺和被遗忘者的创伤体验和心理真实，凸显了故事讲述的疗愈作用。通过书写创伤，怀德曼扮演了见证人和社会批判者的角色，展现了他对非裔生存困境的深度关切。

《托妮·莫里森与新黑人》是一本探讨托妮·莫里森如何在后黑人艺术、后黑人和后种族话语权的背景下探索新黑人概念，以及新黑人价值观多样性的学术专著。该书追溯了“黑人是新黑人”这一概念的历史发展进程，并将其与非裔美国黑人美学全面地联系起来——包括黑人艺术运动、黑人权力运动、“黑即是美”以及后黑人、后奥巴马等思想流派。通过诠释当代关于黑色肌肤的概念以及种族间的巨大流动性，作者加里奥·阿赫塔尔认为莫里森的新黑人概念以身份的流动性、交叉性为基本特征，超越了任何固定的黑人主体性定义或概念，新黑人概念的提出为性别、种族、种族流动性和身份建构提供了新的思考方式。

批判国民性是“五四”时期以鲁迅为代表的知识分子们，为实现文化转型所做的切实努力。同样处于社会转型期的北美新移民华文作家们，接续未完成的“五四”，以跨域、跨文化的视角，站在全人类的高度由批判国民性转化为凝视民族性。在此基础上探究北美新移民华文文学在西方思想、文学外发作用下，对内生的中国文学传统进行的革新与创造性转化。进一步，以文学的民族性为切入点，探究现有的中国当代文学史的空间维度存在需要更新的部分，从而观照北美新移民华文文学与中国当代文学史建构的问题。目前学者多关注中国现当代文学史的时间维度——对现代文学的起点多有争鸣，但对其空间维度的探讨还不够深入。新时期以来，随着中国的改革开放，北美新移民华人作家身份问题的复杂化、特殊化日益凸显，其作品也愈加呈现出对中国文学传统继承和转化的特质，无论是民族话语言说主体的建构，还是民族话语言说的话题、民族话语言说方式的呈现，北美新移民华文文学都有进入中国当代文学史的合理性。而现存的中国当代文学史机制将其排除在外，二者的兼容性问题存在可商榷、言说的空间。

民族话语言说的主体建构关涉着创作主体的文化身份问题。北美新移民华文作家基本都是成年后移居北美的移民一代，他们在中国完成了完整、系统的教育，更与同时代的国人一起共享了计划经济经验、市场化经验和全球化经验。在文学创作活动中，相较于国籍，他们的文化身份更应成为关注的重点。同时，北美新移民华文作家的创作心理预期指向的是与其分享共同文化经验的“想象的共同体”，其作品基本讲述的是“中国故事”，当然也有异域文化的观照、跨种族、宗教的书写，但落脚点也在于民族文化与异域文化的碰撞。这都使得北美新移民华文文学创作愈加呈现出一种人类命运共同体的态势。与此同时，中国的文学排行榜和评奖、文学批评研究等活动，长期以来都将北美新移民华文文学纳入中国当代文学体系进行观照，成为了已然存在的文学史事实。

民族话语言说的话题体现着民族话语言说的主要内容，是文学民族性的重要表征。北美新移民华文文学在“中国人”形象、中国式“家族叙事”、“民族伤痕”三个方面都有丰富、深刻的言说。接续“五四”对国民性的批判，北美新移民华文作家凝视民族性，在新的世界形势下呈现了全球华人多样的形象，他们既有弱点，更继承着勤劳、坚韧、顽强的品质，也更新着民族性的内涵。他们不仅积极投入全球化的建设中，也不断追求精神上的建构，更将民族精神寓言化表达，照亮了恪守传统又勇于创新、进取的民族魂。相较于西方文化而言，“家族”在中国传统文化中的地位尤为特殊，中国式“家族叙事”具有伦理亲缘关系为叙事重点、“家国同构性”、时空交错的网状叙事模式三大特征。北美新移民华文作家们的家族叙事，在充分吸收中国古典文学素养与“五四”现代文学精神的基础上，熔铸进西方现代文学精髓，试图跨域建立起现代民族国家想象，融会进中国文化、文学的现代化进程。这也是海外新移民作家们在全球化时代，通过家族叙事进行文学艺术探索，通过对原生民族与民族文化的重新审视，强化民族认同感的重要尝试。从19世纪中叶到20世纪中期，中华民族饱受创伤，民族伤痕已化为集体记忆深植于每一代华人的基因之中，并不会随着时间的流逝和空间的迁移而消逝。北美新移民华文作家对民族伤痕的书写投入了极大的热情，着重呈现面对抗战之殇、变革之“阵痛”时国人不屈的态度和精神，关注个体的生命状态，坚守人文关怀与历史理性的统一。

民族话语的言说方式主要呈现在文学语言的表达层面，以深掘北美新移民华文文学的民族文化语言特质。语言不仅仅是交流工具，更蕴含着一个民族特有的文化内涵和思维方式，因此“五四”时期的知识分子才会大力提倡语言的变革，以期更新民族文化、改造国民性。地域文化语言特质随着北美新移民华文作家们漂洋过海，京味、海派语言风貌在北美开花结果；北美新移民华文文学也继承了中国古典小说的语言诗学，从文言与白话中汲取丰厚的民族文学营养；更在承接由张爱玲、沈从文、钱锺书等所深耕的日常性语言系统的基础上，在铸造具有书卷气和典雅性又不失深刻性的现代汉语方面，做出了重要的实践，建立在此基础上的中国文学，才更具有世界性的品质。

无论是从话语言说的主体建构，还是话语言说的主题、话语言说的方式层面，北美新移民华文作家及其文学作品都有进入中国当代文学史的合理性。北美新移民华文文学的思想内涵、价值观念及审美表达进入当代中国人的精神观照视野，作者们由异质文化中浸染而来的新质，尤其是带有普适性的人文价值观念和思想内蕴，也作为重要构成部分参与民族文化、民族精神的建构和民族人格的改造中来，与中国当代文学承载了相同的社会文化功能么，其思想意识与艺术新质，也在一定程度上对中国当代文学的创新与发展起到了促进作用。

关键词：主体建构；民族话语话题；言说方式；民族性；北美新移民华文文学；文学史；国民性

Abstract

Criticizing the national character is an important task for the intellectuals represented by Lu Xun to realize the cultural transformation during the“May 4th”movement.The Chinese writer of new immigrants to North America are also in the social transition situation,in place of the“May 4th”unfinished,with cross-domain,cross-cultural perspective,standing in the height of mankind by national character criticism into gaze nationality.Thus,they are to explores the innovation and creative transformation of the endogenous Chinese literary tradition under the external influence of western thought and literature.Taking nationality as the entry point,this book discusses the problems of new immigrant novels in North America and the history of Chinese contemporary literature.And then explore the existing Chinese contemporary literature history of space dimension is unreasonable or need to update the part.Scholars pay more attention to the time dimension of modern and contemporary literature history-the starting point of modern literature is controversial,but the discussion of its space dimension is not deep enough.Since the new era,with China's reform and opening up,the identity of Chinese writers in North America has been complicated and specialized.Their literary works also show the characteristics of inheritance and transformation of Chinese literary tradition.Whether it is the construction of the subject of national discourse,or the topic of national discourse,or the presentation of the way of national discourse,the works the Chinese writer of new immigrants to North America have their rationality and legitimacy to access to the history of Chinese contemporary literature.However,the existing mechanism of contemporary Chinese literature history excludes them,the compatibility of the two can be discussed.

The subject construction of national discourse,which concerns the cultural identity of the creative subject.Most Chinese writes of new immigrants to North America have emigrated to North America as adults.They have received the complete education in China,moreover,they shared the experience of planned economy,marketization and globalization with the contemporaries.In literary creation,their cultural identity is more important than their nationality.The psychological expectations of the Chinese writers of the new immigrants to North America point to an“imagined community”with which they share common cultural experiences.They basically tell the“China story”,at the same time,there are also images of foreign cultures,interracial and religious writings,but the foothold also lies in the collision between national culture and foreign culture,as a result,the novel creation of the new immigrants in North America increasingly presents a trend of a community with a shared future for mankind.For a long time,the Chinese literature of the new immigrants to North America has been brought into the contemporary Chinese literature system for observation,which has become the existing literary history fact.

The topic of national discourse embodies the main content of the national discourse and is an important representation of the national character of literature.The Chinese literature of the new immigrants in North America is rich and profound in“Chinese image”,“Chinese family narrative”and“national scars”.Following the May 4th movement's criticism of the national character,the Chinese writers of the new immigrants in North America stared at the national character and presented the diverse images of the global Chinese under the new world situation.They not only stick to the national character inheriting the qualities of diligence,tenacity and tenacity,but also renew the connotation of the national character.Actively engaged in the construction of globalization,the constant pursuit of spiritual construction,but also the allegorical expression of the national spirit,lit up the national spirit abide by the tradition and the courage to innovate and forge ahead.Compared with western culture,The position of“family”in Chinese traditional culture is particularly special.Chinese“family narrative”has three characteristics:the focus of the narrative is the ethical kinship,the isomorphism of the family and the country,and the interlaced network narrative mode of time and space.The family narratives of the new immigrant writers in North America,on the basis of fully absorbing the Chinese classical literature literacy and the“May 4th”modern literature spirit,melt into the essence of western modern literature.It tries to build up the imagination of modern nation state across the domain and integrate it into the modernization process of Chinese culture and literature.It is also the new immigrant writers abroad in the era of globalization,through the family narrative to explore literature and art,through the re-examination of the original nation and national culture,strengthen the national identity.From the middle of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century,The Chinese nation has been traumatized.National scars have become collective memories embedded in the genes of each generation of Chinese and will not disappear with the passage of time and migration of space.The Chinese writers of the new north American immigrants have devoted great enthusiasm to the writing of national scars.It focuses on the unyielding attitude and spirit of the Chinese people in the face of the war of resistance and the“pains”of reform.

The speech mode of national discourse is mainly presented in the expression level of literary language.Dig deeply into the national cultural and linguistic characteristics of the Chinese literature of the new immigrants in North America.Language is not only a tool of communication,but also contains a nation's unique culture and the way of thinking.Therefore,intellectuals in the May 4th movement advocated the reform of language in order to renew national culture and transform national character.The characteristics of Chinese regional culture and language sailed across the seas with the Chinese writer of new immigrants in North America,Beijing dialect and Shanghai dialect are blossoming in North America.The Chinese literature of north American immigrants also inherits the linguistic poetics of Chinese classical novels and absorbs rich national literature nutrition from classical Chinese and vernacular Chinese.In addition,it undertakes the daily language system deeply cultivated by Zhang ailing,Shen congwen,Qian zhongshu,etc.They have made important practices in casting modern Chinese which is both classical and profound.Only on this basis can Chinese literature have a more cosmopolitan quality.From the perspective of the subject construction,theme and mode of discourse,The Chinese writers of the new immigrants in North America and their literary works have the rationality and legitimacy to enter the history of Chinese contemporary literature.The ideological connotation and aesthetic value of the Chinese literature of the new immigrants in North America entered the spiritual vision of the Chinese people,in which the author is infected from foreign countries with universal humanistic values,participating in the construction of national spirit and culture and the transformation of personality.They bear the same social and cultural functions as the contemporary literature created by Chinese writers.It has the thought and the art new quality,to the contemporary literature innovation and the development has also played the promotion function.

Key Words: Construction of creative subject; Topic of national discourse; Speech mode; nationality; Chinese literature by new migrants in North America; History of literature; national character