本书以清代湖北义学为中心，旨在探讨义学本质，以及由此所反映的国家与社会的相互关系。义学，是向贫寒子弟或少数民族地区子弟提供免费基础教育的慈善学校。学界对义学的研究主要集中于西南地区，强调它作为统治少数民族地区的文化融合手段。厘清义学概念和对清代湖北义学进行系统梳理后，在形成相对完备的统计资料基础上，可知湖北义学发展经历了顺（治）康（熙）、雍（正）乾（隆）、嘉庆、道光、咸（丰）同（治）光（绪）五个阶段。在湖北东部与中西部、城镇与乡村、府州治与一般州县治之间都存在显著空间差异。在清代湖北义学运营中，教学设施是重点，教学管理是核心，教学经费是关键。在这些方面，湖北呈现出较大灵活性，经费筹措颇有特色。清代湖北义学是国家与民间共同关注的慈善教育事业，它们在其中的角色与地位各不相同。根据官民参与的方式和程度，可将湖北义学分为官方主导、官民合作和民间力量主导三种模式，每种模式有若干典型个案。清代湖北义学立足地方，服务地方，对地方社会产生了一定影响。义学在城乡广泛建立，推动了地方教育普及，尤其是促进了鄂西少数民族地区文教事业的发展；还在一些地区改变了民风士习，发挥了社会教化的作用。当一些地区发生地方叛乱，威胁社会秩序时，民间力量迅速崛起，成为维护地方社会秩序和保持地方稳定的主体力量。清代湖北义学基本功能是社会教化和人才培养，经过分析发现，义学的社会教化比人才培养效果更为显著。由于清代国家政策鼓励和地方官员倡导，以及传统的积善成德、因果报应等慈善观念影响，民间力量对发展义学的参与程度日益提高。清代湖北义学由民间力量推动产生，随着官方逐渐介入，民间力量逐步处于官府控制下，长期居于从属地位。官方对义学控制日益增强，一些强制性规定，越来越使义学的自愿性和慈善性受到削弱，逐渐脱离了义学发展本质，这是清代湖北义学不可忽视的一面。关键词：清代；湖北；义学

This book focus on the Charitable Schools of Hubei province in the Qing Dynasty， with the purpose of discussing its nature and the relationship between the national and society. The Charitable Schools provide free elementary education for children from poor families or the minority areas. So far， the academic study of Charitable Schools mainly concentrates on the southwest area of China， in which these schools were used as the cultural means to govern the minority areas.After clarifying the concept of the Charitable Schools， I studied the evolution of Charitable Schools of Hubei Province in the Qing Dynasty. With these ample statistic information， we know that， the development of the Charitable Schools of Hubei province in the Qing Dynasty experienced five stages. During these stages， the space differences between the east and mid-west， the cities and the villages， the capitals and general towns in the whole Hubei province are notable.Among the operation of the Charitable Schools of Hubei province in the Qing Dynasty， teaching facilities， management and funds are the key factors. These factors exhibit more flexibility in Hubei， especially in funding the charge for the teaching.The State and the civilian both pay attention to the Charitable Schools of Hubei province in the Qing Dynasty.However， they play different role and are at different status in it. According to the way and the degree of their participation， the Charitable Schools of Hubei Province can be divided into three patterns， which are led by the official， led by both the official and the public force， or led by the public force. Each model has some representative cases.In the Qing Dynasty， the Charitable Schools in Hubei province made certain effect on the society. The broad building of Charitable Schools promoted the popularization of education in Hubei， especially in the minority areas of west region in Hubei. It also changed the custom of folks and scholars in some regions. When armed rebellion appeared in certain region， the non-governmental forces would grow up rapidly， and become the main force to defend social order and keep the social stability.Under the encouragement of the Qing Dynasty national policy and the advocation of local official， as well as the effect of traditional notion， the participation degree of populace into the charitable schools gradually increased. Although the Charitable Schools of Hubei province in the Qing dynasty came into being by the populace promoting， with the government gradually involved in， the populace became under controlling of the official， and stayed in the subordinate position for a long time. The government gradually strengthened the controlling of the Charitable Schools. On the other hand， many mandatory provisions weakened the spontaneity and charitableness of Charitable Schools， which made Charitable Schools deviated from its nature. It is an important aspect of Charitable Schools of Hubei province in the Qing Dynasty.Key words： The Qing Dynasty， Hubei， The Charitable Schools

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