社会形态是马克思唯物史观用以研究和把握人类社会的基本范畴。立足“人类社会”或“社会化的人类”这个新唯物主义的立脚点，马克思在创立和完善唯物史观中形成了表征人类社会发展过程、发展阶段和发展样态的社会形态理论，形成了研究人类社会的世界历史视野。马克思的社会形态理论不仅科学揭示了人类社会发展规律，论证了马克思的人类彻底解放的共产主义理想，而且完善和证实了唯物史观。马克思的社会形态理论是一个由社会形态结构理论、社会形态发展理论和马克思在“批判旧世界中构建新社会”三者有机构成的“艺术整体”。其中，社会形态结构理论揭示了人类社会是一个由主客体多重要素构成的有机体。结构要素间的矛盾互动，在共时性的动态中表现为活动规律，在历时性的纵向上表现为发展规律。依次发生性、多维共生性、层次决定性和辩证运动性是社会结构活动规律运行机理的表现形式。主体的能动作用，生产力、生产关系（经济基础）、上层建筑（政治和社会意识）的互动运行，使得人类社会的历史演进呈现出多维立体图式。马克思对人的发展形态、经济社会（所有制）形态、生产力（技术）社会形态和政治（国家）形态的多维阐释中说明，在马克思的社会形态理论中，虽然并不存在一个统一的固定不变的历史分期法，更谈不上传统哲学框架所强调的人类社会发展的统一模式。但科学认知与主体价值是马克思考察人类历史的两个主要视角，经济社会形态演进的“五形态说”与人的发展“三形态论”，是贯穿马克思研究人类社会发展始终的两条并行交织的主线。马克思的“亚细亚生产方式”理论和晚年的“跨越”设想，从东西方社会不同发展道路中揭示了人类历史发展是自然演进与跨越发展的有机统一。在“批判旧世界中构建新社会”的追求中，马克思原则性地建构了两种形态的社会主义，即理想形态的社会主义和过渡时期的社会主义，从而架构了科学社会主义与现实社会主义联系的桥梁。中国特色社会主义是以马克思主义社会形态理论为立论基础的。现实社会主义对马克思社会形态理论的传承、运用、发展与创新主要是围绕“什么是社会主义、如何实现社会主义、怎样建设社会主义、如何发展社会主义”等历史课题展开的。列宁的社会形态思想使十月革命、新经济政策和他对社会主义的新认识以及对东方落后国家非资本主义道路的思考都充盈着指导东方社会主义实践的历史辩证法。新民主主义社会理论是中国通向社会主义的桥梁，也是马克思主义文献中“崭新的东西”。虽新民主主义社会提前结束的缺憾给当代中国的发展留下了多重启示，但新民主主义时期的革命性变革，特别是社会主义改造和社会主义基本制度的确立，为当代中国一切发展进步奠定了根本的政治前提和制度基础。发展中国特色社会主义的规律性认识，解剖与认识当代中国的社会转型与社会主义重构，需要深入揭示马克思的社会形态理论与中国特色社会主义间的亲缘关系。社会形态理论所揭示的发展规律、活动规律以及马克思对社会主义的原则性设想，是帮助人们认清中国国情，把握中国社会发展规律，理解社会主义市场经济的必然性，明确和谐社会建设的重要性和全面推进中国特色社会主义科学发展的有力武器。中国特色社会主义对社会形态理论的传承创新，不仅表现为提出了社会主义初级阶段理论、社会主义本质论、社会主义市场经济理论、社会主义和谐社会论和以人为本的科学发展观等新理论，还表现为开辟了中国特色社会主义道路和确立了中国特色社会主义基本制度等诸多方面。建设中国特色社会主义是一个很长的历史阶段，社会主义初级阶段的基本国情和“总依据”决定了中国特色社会主义的历史方位和历史使命。中国特色社会主义是一种正在生成的社会形态，是利用资本主义不断成熟的社会形态，其历史使命就是在改革、建设和创新中创造出优于资本主义的发展方式和制度模式，最终引导世界走向社会主义。关键词：马克思 社会形态理论 中国特色社会主义 中国道路 传承创新

Social form is the basic category of Marx’s historical materialism which is used to study human society. Based on the new materialism standpoint of “human society” or “social human”， and in the process of creation and improvement of historical materialism， Marx formed social form theory which characterized of development process， development stage and development mode of human society， and formed his view of world history. Marx’s social form theory not only scientifically reveals the law of human social development and demonstrates his communism ideals of human liberating thoroughly， but also perfects and confirms historical materialism.Marx’s social form theory is an “artistic whole” which organically composed by social form structure theory， social form development theory and Marx’s theory“ to criticize the old world and set up a new society”. Among them， the social form structure theory reveals that the human society is an organism which is composed of multiple factors of subject and object. The contradiction between these structural elements performs active rules in the synchronic and development rules in diachronic. Occurring in turn， multidimensional symbiosis， levels of decisive and dialectical movement are expressing forms of social structure movement mechanism forms. Dynamic role of subject， productivity， relations of production （economic base） and superstructure （political and social consciousness）’s interactive operation make the historical evolution of human society shows a multidimensional schema. In his multidimensional interpretation for human’s development form， economic society form （ownership）， productivity social form（technology） and political social form （state）， Marx illustrated in his social form theory， although there is not a unified and fixed history staging method， not to mention the unified model for the development of human society that traditional philosophy framework emphasized. But scientific cognition and subject value are the two main perspectives for Marx study human history， “five forms” and “three forms” are always two parallel interweaved line that penetrate Marx’s study on the development of human society. Marx’s “Asiatic mode of production” theory and his “leaping” ideas in old age， from different social development ways between the East and the West more reveals that human history development is an organic unity between nature evolution and leaping development. In the pursuit of “ to criticize the old world and set up a new society ”， Marx principally constructs two forms of socialism， that is the ideal form socialism and transitional period of socialism， thus constructs bridge between scientific socialism and realistic socialism.Chinese characteristic socialism takes Marx’s social form theory as the basis. The inheritance， development and innovation of realistic socialism for Marx’s social form theory is mainly around such history subject as“what is socialism， how to realize socialism， how to build socialism， how to develop socialism”. Social form thought of Lenin made the October Revolution， the New Economic Policy， his new understanding for socialism and his thought for the Oriental backward countries non capitalist road all with history dialectics which guide socialist oriental practice. The theory of new democratic society is a bridge for China to arrive socialism， also is “Something new” in Marxism literature. Although the defect of the new democratic society ending in early left multiple revelations to the development of contemporary China， but the revolutionary changes in the period of new democracy， especially the completion of socialist transformation and the establishing of the basic system of socialism， laid political prerequisite and basic infrastructure for development and progress in contemporary China.Developing regularity understanding on Chinese characteristic socialist， anatomizing and understanding social transformation in contemporary China and socialist reconstruction， need to reveal kinship in depth between Marx’s social form theory and Chinese characteristic socialist. The development law， activity law， and Marx’s principle imagine to the socialist that the social form theory revealed are powerful weapons to help people recognize Chinese situation， grasp the law of Chinese society development， understand the necessity of the socialist market economy， to make clear the importance of building a harmonious society and comprehensively promote scientific development of Chinese socialist. Chinese socialism’s inheritance and innovation to social form theory not only performed proposing primary stage of socialism theory， the essence theory of socialism， the socialist market economic theory， socialist harmonious society theory and people-oriented scientific outlook on development but also performed paving the way for Chinese characteristic socialism and establishing Chinese characteristic socialist system etc… The socialist construction of Chinese characteristics is a long historical period， the basic national conditions of the primary stage of socialism and the “general basis” decided Chinese characteristic socialist’s historical position and mission. Chinese characteristic socialism is a growing social form， is an unceasingly mature social form which makes use of capitalism， its historical mission is through reform， development and innovation to create a development model and system mode which is superior to the capitalist， then eventually lead the world towards socialism.Keywords： Marx； social form theory； Chinese characteristic socialism； Chinese road； inheritance and innovation

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