援助发展中国家的妇女公共参与在今天已经成为援助妇女发展的主流方向，得益于二战后国际发展援助的大规模兴起和妇女发展实践，国际社会中的主要援助国、国际援助机构或私人基金都涉及其中。妇女发展框架从福利政策、反贫困政策、效率政策到充权政策的演变，正对应着发展援助的重点领域已经从基础设施建设、教育、公共卫生、环境与气候变化，转向民主、人权和治理、政府问责制等上层建筑领域，利用援助项目来推动发展中国家的两性平等和实现妇女充权，已经成为援助方的普遍做法。研究国际发展援助理论通常存在两种视角：一是国际政治学的视角，即国际发展援助为何发生，其着眼点在于分析发展援助活动中援助方和受援方的权力结构，即谁在发展援助过程中占据主动，发展援助使谁受益。现实主义和理想主义都承认在援助问题上，援助国居于主导地位，而受援国居于被动地位。就援助关系中的利益关系而言，现实主义强调援助国的国家利益，而理想主义倡导国际共同体的利益。一是发展经济学的视角，即援助是否有效，援助如何才能有效。大多数学者承认发展援助在宏观上是无效的，但是非政府组织的援助在微观层面上是有效的，援助能够对具备良好政策环境的受援国的经济增长起到积极促进作用。因此，部分学者建议要将援助资金用于受援国内的政治、人权和法律制度建设，如此才能保证援助的有效性。今天针对提高发展中国家的妇女公共参与开展的援助项目，就是首先接受来自西方发达国家的资金，然后接受援助国主流学界所倡导的理念和方法，以及他们使用的语言和话语，推动发展中国家的社会性别主流化和妇女充权，进而实现发展中国家的法律、政治和社会制度变革。在援助妇女公共参与的过程中，为了实现有效援助，援助方必须要对援助对象、援助内容、援助方式、援助规模、援助价值观念进行选择，这不仅涉及援助—受援双方的权力结构变化和利益关系，同时也涉及援助—受援双方的合作机制。为解答这些问题，本书采用了三个援助妇女公共参与的案例进行实证研究，即美国国际开发署援助尼泊尔“提高妇女的政治参与”项目、欧盟援助中国湖南“促进农村妇女参与村级治理”项目和福特基金会援助陕西合阳“提高农村妇女当选村委会比例示范项目”。三个案例的研究表明，国际发展援助促进了发展中国家妇女的公共参与，其具体途径为：采用配额制、建设受援国治理网络和培训妇女候选人等。三个援助项目结束后，项目实施地区的妇女参选及当选人数都有不同程度的增加；当选妇女的政治素养得到了提高，能够更好地胜任政府管理或基层治理的工作；通过项目培训不仅增强了广大女性参选参政的意识、信心和工作技巧，也提高了决策者对于社会性别平等和妇女充权的认识。在三个案例中，通过分析援助方提供援助背后的经济政治动因及援助方与受援国在援助目标、援助方式、援助价值观念上的博弈，来考察援助方与受援国之间的权力和利益关系，得出研究结果：援助—受援双方不是一种固定不变的以援助方为主导的权力关系，双方的利益关系也不是非此即彼的分配关系。在受援国充分发挥“自主权”的前提下，受援国可以改变双方力量不对等的状况，在援助形式和援助内容中占据主导地位，实现本国利益的最大化。最后在案例实证研究的基础上，本书分析总结了援助妇女公共参与项目的合作模式，并预测未来国际发展援助将经历援助项目从短期到长期、援助主体从政府到非政府、援助方式从议题到行动的发展新趋势。

Nowadays，it is a mainstream direction to assist women publicparticipation in developing countries，which benefits from the large-scale rise of international developmentaid and women development practice after the World WarⅡ，includingmain donors in International Community，international aid agencies or private funds.Framework ofwomen development evolves from welfare policy，anti-poverty policy and efficiency policy to empowerment policy，which is just corresponding to the shifting of focus areas from infrastructure construction，education，public health，environment and climatic change to democracy，human rights and governance，government accountability and other superstructure areas.Using aid project to promote gender equality and achievewomen empowermenthas become donor’s common practice.Generally speaking，there are two perspectives in researching international development aid theory.One is the perspective of international politics，namely why international development aid happens，which focuses on analyzing donor and recipient's authority structure in development aid activities，that is to say those who dominate the main position during the development aid processwould benefit from development aid.Realism and idealism both admit that，on the issue of aid，donor is the predominantmember，while recipient is the passive one.As for interest relationship in aid relationship，realism emphasizes on national interest of donor，while idealism advocates interest of international community.The other is the perspective of development economics，namely whether aid is effective，and how aid can be effective.Most scholars admit that development aid is ineffective atamacro level，while non-governmental organizations'aid is effective at a micro level.Aid would play a positive role in promoting the economic development of recipientwith good policy environment.Therefore，some scholars advise to use aid fund in the construction of recipient's domestic politics，human rights and legal system，which can guarantee the effectiveness of aid.Today，as for aid project to improvewomen public participation in developing countries，the first step is to accept the fund from western developed countries，next is to accep t concept and method advocated by mainstream academ ia of donors，and their language and words，which would promote gender　mainstreaming and women empowerment in developing countries，then further to achieve the reform of developing countries’laws，politics and social system.During the process to assist women public participation，in order to achieve effective aid，donorsmust choose aid object，aid content，aidmethod，aid scale，and aid value concept，which notonly refers to the change of donor-recipient's authority structure and their interest relationship，but also refers to donor-recipient's cooperative mechanism.In order to solve these problems，this research adopts three cases about assisting women public participation to conduct empirical study，one is that USAID（the US Agency for International Development） assists the project of“Improving Women’s political participation”in Nepal，one is that EU（European Union） assists the project of“Promoting ruralwomen to participate in village governance”in Hunan，China and the last is that Ford Foundation assists the example project of“Improving the proportion that rural women elected asmember of Village Committee”in Heyang，Shanxi.Those three cases’research shows that international development aid improves women public participation in developing countries，its concrete ways include： using quota system，establishing recipients’governance network，training women candidates and so on.After finishing those three aid projects，number of women participating in election and women elected in the project-implemented areas increases in certain extent and elected women’s political accomplishment obtains improvement，therefore they can be qualified for government administration or grass-roots governance work.Through project training，it not only strengthens the consciousness，confidence and work skill ofwomen participating in elections and political affairs，but also improves decision-maker’s recognition on gender and women empowerment.In those three cases，investigation of authority and interest relationship between donor and recipientismade through analyzing the economic and political motivation which is the background that donor provides aid and trade-offs between donor and recipient on aid objective，aid method，aid value concept，then the research result is conducted： donor-recipient relationship is not the fixed authority relationship that donor dominates the main position，their interest relationship is also not either-or allocation relationship.In the premise that recipients put“Ownership”into great play，recipients can change the situation that their force is unequal，and dominate the main position in aidmethod and aid content，so as to achieve their countries’maximum interest.Finally，based on those cases’empirical study，this research analyzes and summarizes the cooperation mode of assisting women public participation project，and predicts that the future international development aid will go through the new trend that aid project would be altered from short-term to longterm，aid subject would be altered from government to non-government，and aid modalities would be altered from issues to action.

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