本书以卡莱尔的真理观为研究对象，聚焦实然和应然真理在英雄崇拜、历史观念、社会批评以及工作伦理等方面的表现、结构和意义，分析这一与时代思想之间具有强烈互文关系的理论体系的发展过程和认识价值。

王威 大连外国语大学英语学院副教授，博士，硕士研究生导师，长期从事英语教学、翻译和研究工作，以19世纪英国文学思想史为主攻课题，发表论文十余篇，出版译著四部，主持并完成省级科研项目四项。

此处所列为本书的引用文献。所有参考文献不予列出。如需参考，请参阅相应章节以及注释。

一 原始文献

（一）卡莱尔的作品

本书所有卡莱尔的文献直接在正文之中引用，给出作品名称简写（参见作品名称后方括号）、卷数和页码。

Carlyle，Thomas.Correspondence between Goethe and Carlyle [C.-G.]，ed.Charles Eliot Norton.London：Macmillan，1887.

—.Correspondence of Emerson and Carlyle [C.-E.]，ed. Joseph Slater.New York & London：Columbia Univ.Pr.，1964.

—.Correspondence of Thomas Carlyle and John Ruskin [C.-R.]，ed.George Allan Cate.Stanford，Calif.：Stanford Univ.Pr.，1982.

—.Early Letters [Let.¹]，ed. Charles Eliot Norton，2 Vol.London：Macmillan，1886.

—.“Faustus：from the German of Goethe” [“Fst.”].New Edinburgh Review，Vol.Ⅱ（1822）.

—.The French Revolution：A History [Rev.]，ed. John D.Rosenberg.New York：The Modern Library，2002.

—. Historical Sketches of Notable Persons and Events in the Reigns of James Ⅰ.and Charles Ⅰ.[Skh.]，ed. Alexander Carlyle. London：Chapman and Hall，1902.

—. The Last Words of Thomas Carlyle [Wds.].New York：D.Appleton and Company，1892.

—. Lectures on the History of Literature [Lec.]，ed. J. Reay Greene. New York：Charles Scribner's Sons，1892.

—. Letters [Let.²]，ed. Charles Norton，2 Vol. London：Macmillan，1888.

—. Letters to his Brother Alexander with Related Family Letters [L.-B.]，ed. Edwin W.Marrs，Jr. Cambridge，Mass.：The Belknap Pr.of Harvard Univ. Pr.，1968.

—. Letters to his Wife [L.-W.]，ed. Trudy Bliss.Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard Univ.Pr.，1953.

—. Letters to his Youngest Sister [L.-S.]，ed. Charles Townsend Copeland. Boston & New York：Houghton，Mifflin and Company，1899.

—. Letters to John Stuart Mill，John Sterling，and Robert Browning [L.-M.]，ed. Alexander Carlyle. London：T. Fisher Unwin，1923.Reissue，New York：Haskell House Publisher，1970.

—. Letters to William Graham [L.-G.]，ed. Jr.John Graham. Princeton：Princeton Univ. Pr.，1950.

—. Love Letters [L.-J.]，ed. Alexander Carlyle，2 Vol. London & New York：John Lane，1909.

—. New Letters [Let.³]，ed. Alexander Carlyle，2 Vol. London & New York：John Lane，1904.

—.On Heores，Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History [H.& H.]，ed. Carl Niemeyer. Lincoln & London：Univ.of Nebraska Pr.，1966.

—. Past and Present [P.& P.]，Riverside Edition，ed. R. D. Altick. Boston：Houghton Mifflin Company，1965.

—. Reminiscences [Rem.¹]，ed. Charles Eliot Norton，2 Vol. London：Macmillan，1887.

—. Reminiscences of my Irish Journey in 1849 [Rem.²].London：Sampson Low，Marston，Searle，& Rivington，1882.

—. Sartor Resartus [Sar.]，The Odyssey Series in Literature，ed. Charles Frederick Harrold. New York：The Odyssey Pr.，1937.

—. Two Note Books [Nt.B.]，ed. Charles Eliot Norton. New York：The Grolier Club，1898.

—. Two Reminiscences [Rem.³]，ed. John Clubbe. Durham，N.C.：Duke Univ.Pr.，1974.

—. Unfinished History of German Literature [Ger.]，ed. Shine Hill.Lexington：Univ.of Kentucky Pr.，1951.

—. Works [Wks.]，Centenary Edition，ed. H.D. Trail，30 vol.London：Chapman and Hall，1896-1899.

Vol.1：Sartor Resartus.

Vol.2-4：The French Revolution.

Vol.5：Heroes and Hero-Worship.

Vol.6-9：Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches.

Vol.10：Past and Present.

Vol.11：The Life of Sterling.

Vol.12-19：History of Frederick Ⅱ.the Great.

Vol.20：Latter-Day Pamphlets.

Vol.21-22：German Romance.

Vol.23-24：Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship and Travels.

Vol.25：Life of Friedrich Schiller.

Vol.26-30：Critical and Miscellaneous Essays.

（二）其他与卡莱尔相关的文献

Adrian，Arthur A.“Dean Stanley's Report of Conversation with Carlyle.” Victorian Studies 1.1（1957）.

Allingham，William.A Diary，ed. H.Allingham & D.Radford.London：Macmillan，1907.

Carré，Jean-Marie，ed.“Quelques Lettres Inédites de William Taylor，Coleridge et Carlyle à Henry Crabb Robinson sur la Littérature Allemagne.” Revue Germanique 8（1912）.

Carlyle，Jane Welsh. Early Letters，ed. David G.Ritchie.London：Swan Sonnenschein & Co.，1889.

—. Letters and Memorials，ed. James Anthony Froude，2 vol.New York：Charles Scribner's Sons，1894.

—. New Letters and Memorials，ed. Alexander Carlyle，2 vol.London & New York：John Lane，1903.

Espinasse，Francis. Literary Recollections and Sketches.London：Hodder and Stoughton，1893.

Faulkner，Peter.“Carlyle's Letters to Charles Redwood.” The Yearbook of English Studies 2（1972）.

Flügel，Evald.“Carlyle und Eckermann.” Goethe-Jahrbuch 24（1904）.

Pitollet，Camille，ed.“Lettres Inédites de Thomas Carlyle，John Murray et J.-D.Aitken à N.-H.Julius.” Revue Germanique 4（1908）.

（三）其他作家的作品

本书所有亚里士多德、边沁、柏拉图和维特根斯坦的作品在正文中直接引用，或给出章节号，或给出初版边码。

Aristotle. The Basic Works，ed. Richard McKeon. New York：Random House，1941.

Arnold，Matthew.Culture and Anarchy，Oxford World's Classics，ed. Jane Garnett.Oxford：Oxford Univ.Pr.，2006.Reissue，2009.

—. Discourses in America.London：Macmillan，1885.

Austen，Jane. Pride and Prejudice，Norton Critical Edition，ed. Donald Gray. New York：W.W.Norton，2001.

Bentham，Jeremy. An Introduction to the Principles of Moral and Legislation，Dover Philosophical Classics. Mineola，N.Y.：Dover Publications，2007.

—. The Rationale of Reward. London：Robert Heward，1830.

Brontë，Charlotte.Letters，ed. Margaret Smith，2 Vol. Oxford：Clarendon Pr.，2000.

Cassirer，Ernst.The Myth of the State，trans. William H.Woglom & Charles Handel. New Haven：Yale Univ.Pr.，1950.

Coleridge，Samuel Taylor.Complete Works，ed. W.G.T.Shedd，7 Vol. New York：Happer & Brothers，1884.

Dickens，Charles.Bleak House，Norton Critical Edition. New York：W.W.Norton，1977.

Dickens，Charles.Selected Letters. Oxford：Oxford Univ.Pr.，2012.

Gissing，George.Charles Dickens：A Critical Study，The Victorian Era Studies. London：Blackie and Sons.，1898.

Hume，David.A Treatise of Human Nature，Penguin Classics，ed. Ernest C.Mossner. London：Penguin Books，1985.

Jenkins，Keith. Re-thinking History，Routledge Classics. London & New York：Routledge，2010.

Kavanagh，Julia.Rachel Gray：A Tale Founded on Fact，Copy Right Edition. Leipzig：Bernhard Tauchnitz，1856.

Kenny，Anthony.A New History of Western Philosophy. Oxford：Clarendon Press，2010.

Locke，John.An Essay Concerning Human Understanding，Penguin Classics，ed. Rodger Woolhouse. London：Penguin Books，2004.

Macaulay，Thomas Babington.Critical，Historical，and Miscellaneous Essays and Poems，3 Vol. Philadelphia：Porter & Coates，1879.

Mill，John Stuart. Autobiography，Penguin Classics，ed. John M.Robson. London：Penguin Books，1989.

—. Early Essays，Bohn's Standard Library，ed. J.W.M.Gibbs.London：George Bell and Sons，1897.

—. The Spirit of the Age，On Liberty，The Subjection of Women，Norton Critical Edition，ed. Alan Ryan. New York：W.W.Norton，1997.

— & Jeremy Bentham.Utilitarianism and Other Essays，Penguin Classics，ed. Alan Ryan. London：Penguin Books，2004.

Nietzsche，Friedrich.Twilight of the Idols，with The Antichrist and Ecce Homo，trans. Antony M. Ludovici. London：Wordsworth Classics of World Literature，2007.

Oliphant，Margaret.“The Literature of the Last Fifty Years.” Prose by Victorian Women：An Anthology，Garland Reference Library of the Humanities Vol. 1893，ed. Andrea Broomfield & Sally Mitchell.New York & London：Garland Publishing，1996.

Orwell，George.Essays，Everyman's Library No. 242，ed. John Carey.London：Random House，2002.

Plato.Euthyphro，Apology，Crito，Phaedo，Loeb Classical Library 36，ed. & trans. Chris Emlyn-Jones & William Preddy. Cambridge，Mass.& London：Harvard Univ.Pr.，2017.

Popper，Karl. After the Open Scoiety，Routledge Classics. London & New York：Routledge，2012

—. Conjectures and Refutations，Routledge Classics. London & New York：Routledge，2002.

—. The Open Society and its Enemies，Routledge Classics，2 vol. London & New York：Routledge，2003.

Vol.1：The Spell of Plato.

Vol.2：Hegel and Marx.

—. The Poverty of Historicism，Routledge Classics. London & New York：2002.

Russell，Bertrand.History of Western Philosophy，Routledge Classics. London & New York：Routledge，2008.

—.“On History.” The Basic Writings，Routledge Classics，ed. Robert E. Egner & Lester E.Denonn. London & New York：Routledge，2009.

—.“Psychological and Physical Causal Laws.” The Basic Writings，Routledge Classics，ed. Robert E. Egner & Lester E. Denonn. London & New York：Routledge，2009.

—.“The Validity of Inference，” The Basic Writings，Routledge Classics，ed. Robert E. Egner & Lester E. Denonn.London & New York：Routledge，2009.

Schlegel，Friedrich. Kritische und theoretische Schriften. Stuttgart：Reclam，1978.

Spencer，Herbert.An Autobiography，2 vol. London：Williams and Norgate，1904.

Wittgenstein，Ludwig.Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus，Routledge Classics，ed. D.F. Pears & B.F. McGuinness. London & New York：Routledge，2001.

二 研究文献

（一）英文

除弗劳德（Froude）的作品（分别为First Forty Years 和Life in London）和萨福德（Richard Herne Shepherd）的作品（Memoirs）以简写形式标记外，其余作品均以作品全称标记。

Adrian，Arthur A.& Vonna H.“Frederick the Great：That Unutterable Horror of a Prussian Book.” Carlyle Past and Present：A Collection of New Essays，A Vision Critical Study，ed. K.J.Fielding & Rodger L. Tarr. London：Vision Pr.，1976.

Altick，Richard D.“Past and Present：Topicality as Technique.” Carlyle and his Contemporaries：Essays in Honor of Charles Richard Sanders，ed. John Clubbe. Durham，N.C.：Duke Univ.Pr.，1976.

—. Victorian People and Ideas：A Companion for the Modern Reader of Victorian Literature.New York & London：W.W.Norton，1973.

Anger，Suzy.“Carlyle：Between Biblical Exegesis and Romantic Hermeneutics.”Texas Studies in Literature and Language 40.1（1998）.

Arac，Jonathan.“Narrative Form and Social Sense in Bleak House and The French Revolution.” Nineteenth-Century Fiction 32.1（1977）.

Ashton，Rosemary D.“Carlyle's Apprenticeship：His Early German Criticism and his Relationship with Goethe（1822-1832）.” The Modern Language Review 100，Supplement（2005）.

Baker，Lee C.R.“The Diamond Necklace and the Golden Ring：Historical Imagination in Carlyle and Browning.” Victorian Poetry 21.1（1986）.

Ben-Israel，Hedva.“Carlyle and French Revolution.” English Historians on the French Revolution.Cambridge：Cambridge Univ.Pr.，1968.

Bossche，Chris R.Vanden. Carlyle and the Search for Authority.Columbus：Ohio State University Press，1991.

Bouton，Clark W.“John Stuart Mill：On Liberty and History.” The Western Political Quarterly 18.3（1965）.

Bruns，Gerald L.“The Formal Nature of Victorian Thinking.” PMLA 90.5（1975）.

Burtt，Edwin A.，ed. The English Philosophers：From Bacon to Mill.New York：The Modern Library，1994.

Campbell，Ian.Thomas Carlyle. London：Hamish Hamilton，1974.

Carlyle，Thomas. Sartor Resartus，Oxford World's Classics，ed. Kerry McSweeney & Peter Sabor. Oxford：Oxford Univ.Pr.，1987. Reissue，2008.

Chapman，Raymond.“Thomas Carlyle.” The Victorian Debate：English Literature and Society，1832-1901. New York：Basic Books，1968.

Chiclers，Joseph W.“Carlyle's Past and Present，History，and a Question of Hermeneutics，”CLIO，13. 3（1984）.

Christian，Mildred G.“Carlyle's Influence upon the Social Theory of Dickens（Part One：Their Personal Relationship）.” The Trollopian 1.4（1947）.

—.“Carlyle's Influence upon the Social Theory of Dickens（Part Two：Their Literary Relationship）.” The Trollopian 2.1（1947）.

Cole，G.D.H.Socialists Thought：The Forerunners，1798-1850.London：Macmillan & Co.，1953.

Collins，Phillip.Charles Dickens：The Critical Heritage. London & New York：Routledge，1986.

Conway，Moncure D. Thomas Carlyle.New York：Harper & Brothers，1881.

Crimmins，James E.“Bentham and Utilitarianism in the Early Nineteenth Century.” The Cambridge Companion to Utilitarianism，ed. Ben Eggleston & Dale E.Miller. Cambridge：Cambridge Univ.Pr.，2014.

Cronin，Richard.Romantic Victorians：English Literature，1824-1840. New York：Palgrave，2002.

Culler，A.Dwight.“Mill，Carlyle，and the Spirit of the Age.” The Victorian Mirror of History. New Haven：Yale Univ.Pr.，1985.

Cumming，Mark.A Disimprisoned Epic：Form and Vision in Carlyle's French Revolution. Philadelphia：Univ.of Pennsylvania Pr.，1988.

Davey，Samuel. Darwin，Carlyle，Dickens：The Fools，Jesters，and Comic Characters in Shakespeare. London：E.Bumpus，1879.

Deaton，Mary B.“Thomas Carlyle's Use of Metaphor.” College English 5.6（1944）.

Desaulniers，Mary.Carlyle and the Economics of Terror：A Study of Revisionary Gothicism in The French Revolution. Montreal & Kingston：McGill-Queen's Univ.Pr.，1995.

Dibble，Jerry A.The Pythia's Drunken Song：Thomas Carlyle's and the Style Problem in German Idealist Philosophy，International Archives of the History of Ideas，Series Minor 19. The Hague：Martinus Nijhoff，1978.

Dibeliu，Wilhelm. England，trans. Mary Agnes Hamilton. London：Jonathan Cape，1930.

Engel，Monroe.The Maturity of Dickens.Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard Univ.Pr.，1959.

Farrell，John P.“Matthew Arnold and the Middle Ages：The Uses of the Past.” Victorian Studies 13.3（1970）.

Fermanis，Porscha.“A ‘Poor Crotchety Picture of Several Things’：Antiquarianism，Subjectivity，and the Novel in Thomas Carlyle's Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell.” Rethinking British Romantic History，1770-1845，ed. Porscha Fermanis & John Regan.Oxford：Oxford Univ.Pr.，2014.

Ford，George H.Dickens and his Readers：Aspect of Novel-Criticism since 1836. Princeton：Princeton Univ.Pr.，1955.

Forster，John.The Life of Charles Dickens，2 vol. London：Chapman and Hall，1876.

Forster，Joseph.Four Great Teachers：John Ruskin，Thomas Carlyle，Ralph Waldo Emerson，and Robert Browning. London：George Allen，1890.

Froude，James Anthony. Thomas Carlyle：A History of the First Forty Years of his Life，2 vol. New York：Charles Scribner's Sons，1882.

—. Thomas Carlyle：A History of his Life in London，2 vol. New York：Charles Scribner's Sons，1884.

Frye，Lowell T.“History as Biography，Biography as History.” Thomas Carlyle Resartus：Reappraising Carlyle's Contribution to the Philosophy of History，Political Theory，and Cultural Criticism，ed. Paul E.Kerry & Marylu Hill. Madison & Teaneck：Fairleigh Dickinson Univ.Pr.，2010.

Garnett，Richard.Life of Thomas Carlyle. London：Walter Scott，1895.

Goldberg，Michael.“From Bentham to Carlyle：Dickens’ Political Development.” Journal of the History of Ideas 33.1（1972）.

Gooch，G.P.“Carlyle and Froude.” History and Historians in the Nineteenth Century.London：Longmans，Green，and Co.，1918.

Grant，A.J.English Historians. London：Blackie & Son，1906. Reissue，Port Washington，N.Y.& London：Kennikat Pr.，1971.

Greg，William Rathbone.“Kingsley and Carlyle.” Literary and Social Judgement，Vol.Ⅰ.Bosten：James R.Osgood and Co.，1873.

Grierson，H.J.C. Carlyle and Hitler. Cambridge：Cambridge Univ.Pr.，1933.

Gross，John.The Rise and Fall of the Man of Letters：A Study of the Idiosyncratic and the Humane in Modern Literature.London：Macmillan，1969.

Hanson，Lawrence & Elisabeth.Necessary Evil：The Life of Jane Welsh Carlyle. London：Constable，1952. Reissue，New York：Octagon Books，1975.

Harley，Bruce.“Obeying the Laws of Life：Carlyle and Spencer.” The Healthy Body and Victorian Culture.Cambridge，Mass.& London：Harvard Univ.Pr.，1978.

Harrold，Charles Frederick.Carlyle and German Thought：1819-1834，Yale Studies in English 82. New Haven：Yale Univ.Pr.，1934. Reissue，Hamden & London：Archon Books，1963.

—.“Carlyle and Novalis.” Studies in Philology 27.1（1930）.

—.“Carlyle's General Method in The French Revolution.” PMLA 43.4（1928）.

—.“Carlyle's Interpretation of Kant.” Philological Quarterly 7（1928）.

—.“The Nature of Carlyle's Calvinism.” Studies in Philology 33.3（1936）.

Heffer，Simon. Moral Desperado：A Life of Thomas Carlyle. London：Weidenfeld and Nicolson，1995.

Helmling，Steven.The Esoteric Comedies of Carlyle，Newman，and Yeats. Cambridge：Cambridge Univ.Pr.，1988.

Heydt，Colin.“Utilitarianism before Bentham.” The Cambridge Companion to Utilitarianism，ed. Ben Eggleston & Dale E. Miller. Cambridge：Cambridge Univ.Pr.，2014.

Houghton，Walter E.The Victorian Frame of Mind：1830-1870. New Haven & London：Yale Univ.Pr.，1957.

Hunt，Tristram.“Carlyle and Coketown.” Building Jerusalem：The Rise and Fall of the Victorian City. New York：Metropolitan Books，2005.

Ikeler，A.Abbott.Puritan Temper and Transcendental Faith：Carlyle's Literary Vision. Columbus：Ohio Univ.Pr.，1972.

Jaeck，Emma Gertrude.Madame de Staël and the Spread of German Literature. New York：Oxford Univ.Pr.，1915.

Jann，Rosemary.“Thomas Carlyle：History as Secular Prophecy，” The Art and Science of Victorian History. Columbus：Ohio State Univ.Pr.，1985.

Jessop，Ralph.Carlyle and Scottish Thought. London：Macmillan & New York：St.Martin's Pr.，1997.

Johnson，Edgar.Charles Dickens：His Tragedy & Triumph. New York：The Viking Pr.，1977.

Johnson，William Savage.Thomas Carlyle：A Study of his Literary Apprenticeship，1814-1831. New Haven：Yale Univ.Pr.& London：Henry Frowde，1911.

Jones，Jason B.“Chaos and Carlyle.” Lost Causes：Historical Consciousness in Victorian Literature. Columbus：The Ohio Univ.Pr.，2006.

Kaplan，Fred.Dickens：A Biography. London：Hodder & Stoughton，1988.

—. Thomas Carlyle：A Biography. Ithaca，N.Y.：Cornell Univ.Pr.，1983.

Keating，Peter，ed.The Victorian Prophets：A Reader from Carlyle to Wells. London：Fontana，1981.

Lamb，John B.“A ‘Chaos of Being’：Carlyle and the Shandean Web of History，” CLIO 20.1（1990）.

Lehman，B.H. Carlyle's Theory of the Hero：Its Sources，Development，History，and Influence on Carlyle's Works. Durham，N.C.：Duke Univ.Pr.，1928.

Levin，Michael. The Condition of England Question：Carlyle，Mill，Engels. London：Palgrave Macmillan，1998.

Levine，Caroline.“Victorian Realism.” The Cambridge Companion to the Victorian Novel，2nd Edition，ed.Deirdre David.Cambridge：Cambridge Univ.Pr.，2012.

Levine，George.Realism，Ethics and Secularism：Essays on Victorian Literature and Science. Cambridge：Cambridge Univ.Pr.，2008.

MacKenzie，Norman & Jeanne.Dickens：A Life. New York & Oxford：Oxford Univ.Pr.，1979.

Marcus，David D.“The Carlylean Vision of A Tale of Two Cities.” Studies in the Novel 8.1（1976）.

Masson，David. Carlyle Personally and in his Writings：Two Edinburgh Lectures. London：MacMillan，1885.

—. Edinburgh Sketches & Memories. London & Edinburgh：Adam and Charles Black，1892.

—. Recent British Philosophy：A Review，with Criticism. London & Cambridge：Macmillan，1865.

Matz，Aaron.Satire in an Age of Realism. Cambridge：Cambridge Univ.Pr.，2010.

Moore，Carlisle.“Sartor Resartus and the Problem of Carlyle's ‘Conversion’.” PMLA 70.4（1955）.

Moran，Maureen.Victorian Literature and Culture. New York：Continuum，2006.

Morley，John.“Carlyle.” Critical Miscellanies，Vol.Ⅰ.London：Macmillan，1886.

Muirhead，John H. The Platonic Tradition in Anglo-Saxon Philosophy：Studies in the History of Idealism in England and America，Muirhead Library of Philosophy. London：George Allen & Unwin，1931.Reissue，1965.

Natanson，Maurice.“History，Historicity，and the Alchemistry of Time.” Chicago Review 15.1（1961）.

Neff，Eremy.Carlyle.London：George Allen & Unwin，1932.

—. Carlyle and Mill：An Introduction to Victorian Thought，2nd Revised ed. New York：Columbia Univ.Pr.，1926. Reprint，New York：Octagon Books，1964.

Oddie，William.Carlyle and Dickens：The Question of Influence. London：The Century Pr.，1972.

Peckham，C.Morse.“Frederick the Great.” Carlyle Past and Present：A Collection of New Essays，A Vision Critical Study，ed. K.J.Fielding & Rodger L.Tarr. London：Vision Pr.，1976.

Pyke，N.O.P.“History as Literature.” The Australian Quarterly 19.3（1947）.

Le Quesne，A.L.Carlyle，Past Masters. Oxford：Oxford Univ.Pr.，1982.

Ralli，August.Guide to Carlyle，2 Vol. Boston：Small Maynard and Co.，1922.

Reed，Walter L.“The Pattern of Conversion in Sartor Resartus.” ELH 38.3（1971）.

Roe，Frederick William. The Social Philosophy of Carlyle and Ruskin. New York：Harcourt，Brace and Co.，1921. Reissue，Port Washington，N.Y.& London：Kennikat Pr.，1969.

—. Thomas Carlyle as a Critic of Literature. New York：The Columbia Univ.Pr.，1910.

Rosenberg，John D. Carlyle and the Burden of History. Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard Univ.Pr.，1985.

Rosenberg，Philip. The Seventh Hero：Thomas Carlyle and the Theory of Radical Activism. Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard Univ.Pr.，1974.

Ryals，Clyde de L.“Carlyle's The French Revolution：A ‘True Fiction’.” A World of Possibilities：Romantic Irony in Victorian Literature.Columbus：Ohio State Univ.Pr.，1990.

Salmon，Richard.“Thomas Carlyle and Luminous Author.” The Formation of the Victorian Literary Profession，Cambridge Studies in Nineteenth-Century Literature and Culture.Cambridge：Cambridge Univ.Pr.，2013.

Sanders，Charles Richard.“Thomas Carlyle.” Coleridge and the Broad Church Movement：Studies in S.T.Coleridge，Dr.Arnold of Rugby，J.C.Hare，Thomas Carlyle，and F.D.Maurice.Durham，N.C.：Duke Univ.Pr.，1942.Reissue，New York：Octagon Books，1972.

Schapiro，J.Salwyn.“Thomas Carlyle，Prophet of Fascism.” The Journal of Modern History 17.2（1945）.

Seigel，Jules Paul，ed. Thomas Carlyle：The Critical Heritage. London & New York：Routledge，1971.

Shelston，Alan，ed.Thomas Carlyle：Selected Writings，Penguin Classics. London：Penguin，1980.Reprint，2015.

Shepherd，Richard Herne. Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Thomas Carlyle，2 vol. London：W.H.Allen & Co.，1881.

Shine，Hill.“Carlyle and the German Philosophy Problem during the year 1826-1827.” PMLA 50.3（1935）.

—. Carlyle and the Saint-Simonians：The Concept of Historical Periodicity. Baltimore：The Johns Hopkins Press，1941.

—.“Carlyle's Early Writings and Herder's Ideen：The Concept of History.” Booker Memorial Studies：Eight Essays on Victorian Literature in Memory of John Manning Booker，ed. Hill Shine.Chapel Hill：Univ.of North Carolina Pr.，1950. Reissue，New York：Russell & Russell，1969.

—. Carlyle's Fusion of Poetry，History，and Religion by 1834. Chapel Hill：The Univ.of North Carolina Pr.，1938. Reissue，Port Washington，N.Y.：Kennikat Pr.，1967.

Smeed，J.W.“Thomas Carlyle and Jean Paul Richter.” Comparative Literature 16.3（1964）.

Spivey，Edward.“Carlyle and the Logic-Choppers：J.S.Mill and Diderot.” Carlyle and his Contemporaries：Essays in Honor of Charles Richard Sanders，ed.John Clubbe. Durham，N.C.：Duke Univ.Pr.，1976.

Stange，G.Robert.“Refractions of Past and Present.” Carlyle Past and Present：A Collection of New Essays，A Vision Critical Study，ed. K.J.Fielding & Rodger L.Tarr. London：Vision Pr.，1976.

Stawell，F.Melian.“Goethe's Influence on Carlyle.I.” International Journal of Ethics 21.2（1911）.

—.“Goethe's Influence on Carlyle.Ⅱ.” International Journal of Ethics 21.3（1911），pp.

Stewart，Herbert L.“Carlyle's Conception of History.” Political Science Quarterly 32.4（1917）.

Storey，Graham. Dickens：Bleak House. New York：Cambridge Univ.Pr.，1987.

Sussman，Herbert L.“The Condition of Manliness Question：Thomas Carlyle and Industrial Manhood.” Victorian Masculinities：Manhood and Masculine Poetics in Early Victorian Literature and Art，Cambridge Studies in Nineteenth-Century Literature and Culture. Cambridge：Cambridge Univ.Pr.，1995.

—.“Transcendentalism and the Machine：Thomas Carlyle，” Victorians and the Machine：The Literary Response to Technology. Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard Univ.Pr.，1968.

Swift，Roger.“Thomas Carlyle，‘Chartism’，and the Irish in Early Victorian England.”Victorian Literature and Culture 29.1（2001）.

Symons，Julian.Thomas Carlyle：The Life and Ideas of a Prophet. New York：Oxford Univ.Pr.，1952. Reissue，Cornwell：House of Stratus，2001.

Tarr，Rodger L.“The ‘Foreign Philanthropy Question’ in Bleak House：An Carlylean Influence.” Studies in the Novel 3.3（1971）.

Tennyson，G.B.，ed. A Carlyle Reader：Selections from the Writings of Thomas Carlyle. New York：Random House，1969. Reissue，New York：Cambridge Univ.Pr.，1984.

—. Sartor Called Resartus：The Genesis，Structure，and Style of Thomas Carlyle's First Major Work. Princeton：Princeton Univ.Pr.，1965.

Tillotson，Geoffrey.“Carlyle.”A View of Victorian Literature. Oxford：Clarendon Pr.，1978.

Trevelyan，G.M.，ed.Carlyle：An Anthology. London：Longmans，Green & Co.，1953.

— . Illustrated English Social History，4 vol. London：Longmans，Green & Co.

Tuman，Myron C.“‘Irritant Poison’：Idealism and Scientific History in Late-Victorian England.” Studies in Romanticism 22.3（1983）.

LaValley，Albert J.Carlyle and the Idea of the Modern：Studies in Carlyle's Prophetic Literature and its Relation to Blake，Nietzsche，Marx，and Others. New Haven：Yale Univ.Pr.，1968.

Vaughan，C.E.“Carlyle and his German Masters.” Essays and Studies by Members of the English Association，ed. A.C.Bradley. Oxford：The Clarendon Pr.，1910.

Vida，Elisabeth M.Romantic Affinities：German Authors and Carlyle：A Study in the History of Ideas. Toronto：Univ.of Toronto Pr.，1993.

Vijn，J.P.Carlyle and Jean Paul：Their Spiritual Optic. Amsterdam & Philadelphia：John Benjamins Publishing Co.，1982.

Wallace，Elisabeth.“Goldwin Smith on History.”The Journal of Modern History 26.3（1954）.

Welch，Patrick J.“Thomas Carlyle on Utilitarianism.”History of Political Economy 38.2（2006）.

Wellek，René.“Carlyle and German Romanticism.” Confrontations：Studies in the Intellectual and Literary Relations between Germany，England，and the United States during the Nineteenth Century. Princeton：Princeton Univ.Pr.，1965.

—.“Carlyle and the Philosophy of History.” Confrontations：Studies in the Intellectual and Literary Relations between Germany，England，and the United States during the Nineteenth Century. Princeton：Princeton Univ.Pr.，1965.

—. Immanuel Kant in England：1793-1838.Princeton：Princeton Univ.Pr.，1931.

—.“Thomas Carlyle.” A History of Modern Criticism：1750-1950，Vol.3，The Age of Transition. New Haven & London：Yale Univ.Pr.，1965.

Willey，Basil.More Nineteenth Century Studies：A Group of Honest Doubters. London：Chatto & Windus，1956.

—.“Thomas Carlyle，” Nineteenth Century Studies：Coleridge to Matthew Arnold. London：Chatto & Windus，1950.

Wilson，A.N.The Victorians. New York & London：W.W.Norton，2004.

Wilson，David Alec. Carlyle，6 vol. London：Kegan Paul，Trench，Trübner，1923-1934.

Vol.1：Carlyle till Marriage（1795-1826）.

Vol.2：Carlyle to “The French Revolution”（1826-1837）.

Vol.3：Carlyle on Cromwell and Others（1837-1848）.

Vol.4：Carlyle at his Zenith（1848-1853）.

Vol.5：Carlyle to Threescore-and-Ten（1853-1863）.

Vol.6：Carlyle in Old Age（1863-1881）.

Windelband，Wilhelm.A History of Philosophy，trans. J.H.Tufts. New York：Macmillan，1898.

Wingfield-Stratford，Esmé.The Victorian Tragedy. London：George Routledge and Sons，1931.

Woody，Thomas.“Of History and its Method.” The Journal of Experimental Education 15.3（1947）.

Young，Louise Merwin. Thomas Carlyle and the Art of History. Philadelphia：The Univ.of Pennsylvania Pr.，1939.

（二）法文

Aulard，A.“Carlyle：Historien de la Révolution Française.” La Révolution Française 62（1912）.

Aymes，Marc.“Historicités.” Labyrinthe 17.1（2004）.

Barthèlemy，Edmond. Thomas Carlyle：Essai Biographique et Critique. Paris，Mercure，1900.

Basch，Victor.Carlyle：L'Homme et l'OEuvre. Paris：Gallimard，1938.

Bos，Camille.“Le Kantisme de Carlyle.” Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 8（1902）.

Brée，Germaine.“Rencontre avec Carlyle.” Revue d'Histoire littéraire de la France 70.2（1970）.

Carlyle，Thomas.Les Héros，le culte des héros，et l'héroïque dans l'histoire，trans. J.B.J.Izoulet-Loubatières. Paris：Armand Colin，1888.

— .Histoire de la Révolution Française，trans. Élias Regnault，Odysse Barot & Jules Roches，3 vol. Paris：Baillière，1865-1867.

—. Pages Choisies，trans. Émile Masson. Paris：Armand Colin，1905.

—. Sartor Resartus：Vie et Opinions de Herr Teufelsdröckh，Édition Définitive，ed. Edmond Barthèlemy.Paris：Mercure，1904.

Carré，Jean-Marie. G oethe en Angleterre. Paris：Plon，1920.

—.“Un Inédit de Fichte.” Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale 22.1（1914）.

Cazamian，Louis.L'Angleterre Moderne：Sonévolution，Bibliothèque de Philosophie Scientifique.Paris：Flammarion，1914.

—. Carlyle，Les Grands Écrivains Étrangers. Paris：Didier，1913.

—. Le Roman Social en Angleterre（1830-1850）：Dickens，Disraeli，Mrs.Gaskell，Kingsley. Paris：Société Nouvelle de Librairie et d’Édition，1903.

— & Legouis，E.“L'Idéalisme Philosophique：Carlyle.” Histoire de la Littérature Anglaise，2nd ed. Paris：Hachette，1925.

Croce，Benedetto.“La Naissance de l'Histoirisme.” Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale 44.3（1937）.

Gazeau，Jacques.L'Impérialisme Anglais，sonévolution：Carlyle，Seeley，Chamberlain. Paris：Arthur Rousseau，1903.

Halévy，Élie.La Formation du Radicalisme Philosophique，3 vol. Paris：Baillière，1901.

Vol.1：La Jeunesse de Bentham.

Vol.2：L'Évolution de la Doctrine Utilitaire de 1789 à 1815.

Vol.3：Le Radicalisme Philosophique.

—. Histoire du Peuple Anglais au XiXe Siècle，3 vol. Paris：Hachette，1923.

Mackenzie，J.S.“La Philosohie Contemporaine en Grande-Bretagne.”Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale 16.5（1908）.

Martinoia，Rozenn.“L'‘Ère Marshallienne’：Équilibre，Bien-être et Question Sociale dans l'Angleterre Victorienne.”Romantisme 133.3（2006）.

Montégut，Émile.“Thomas Carlyle et John Sterling.” Revue des Deux Mondes 15（1852）.

—.“Thomas Carlyle：Sa vie et ses écrits.” Revue des deux mondes 2（1849）.

Scherer，Edmond Henri Adolphe.“Thomas Carlyle.” Études sur la Littérature Contemporaine，Vol.Ⅶ. Paris：Calmann Lévy，1882.

Taine，Hippolyte.L'Idéalisme anglaise：Étude sur Carlyle.Paris：Baillière，1864.

Troeltsch，Ernst.“Le Dix-Neuvième Siècle.” Philosophie 94（2007）.

Vitoux，Pierre.“Carlyle et le Culte du Héros.” Romantisme 100（1998）.

Yandell，F.F.Thomas Carlyle：Sa Métaphysique，sa Moral，sa Conception Religieuse. Lille：Camille Robbe，1908.

（三）德文

Baumgarten，Otto.Carlyle und Goethe.Tübingen：J.C.B. Mohr（Paul Siebeck），1906.

Carlyle，Thomas.Sartor Resartus：Oder Leben und Meinungen der Herrn Teufelsdröckh，trans. Thomas A. Fischer. Leipig：Otto Wigand，1882.

Dilthey，Wilhelm.“Thomas Carlyle.” Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 4（1891）.

Fehr，Bernhard.“Der Deutsche Idealismus in Carlyles Sartor Resartus.” Germanisch-Romanische Monatsschrift 5（1913）.

Fischer，Thomas A. Thomas Carlyle：Eine Geschichte seines Lebens. Leipig：Otto Wigand，1882.

Flügel，Ewald.Thomas Carlyles religiöse und sittlche Entwicklung und Weltanschauung. Leipzig：Fr.W.Grunow.1887.

—.“Carlyle and Eckermann.” Goethe-Jahrbuch 24.1（1903）.

Hensel，Paul.Thomas Carlyle.Stuttgart：Fr. Frommanns Verlag（E. Hauff），1901.

Kraeger，Heinrich.“Carlyles Stellung zur Deutschen Sprache und Literatur.” Anglia 22（1899）.

Küchler，Frohwalt.“Carlyle und Schiller.” Anglia 26（1903）.

Schulze-Gaevernitz，Gerhart von.Thomas Carlyles Welt- und Gesellschaftsanschauung. Dresden：L.Ehlermann，1893.

Smeed，J.W.“Carlyles Jean-Paul-Übersetzen.” Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte 35（1961）.

Streuli，Wilhelm.Thomas Carlyle als Vermittler deutscher Litteratur und deutschen Geistes. Zürich：Friedrich Schulthess，1895.

（四）意大利文

Fermi，Laura.Thomas Carlyle. Messina & Milano：Casa Editrice Giuseppe Principato，1939.

Mazzini，Giuseppe.“Genio e Tendenze di Tomaso Carlyle.” Scritti Editi e Inediti，Vol.Ⅳ. Letteratura. Milano：G.Daelli，1862.

Roberto，Diego de.Tommaso Carlyle. Bari：Gius. Laterza & Figli，1904.

（五）中文

方志强：《炼狱与新生——卡莱尔的病（1814—1823）与雷丝路事件》，《新史学》2006年第17卷第3期。

—.《平民的先知——卡莱尔与英国维多利亚社会》，台湾大学出版中心2011年版。

[英]威廉斯：《文化与社会》，吴松江等译，北京大学出版社1991年版。

薛鸿时：《浪漫的现实主义——狄更斯评传》，社会科学文献出版社1996年版。

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