简介： 唐华俊农业部于2015年印发了《关于打好农业面源污染防治攻坚战的实施意见》，提出了到2020年实现农业用水总量控制，化肥、农药使用量减少，畜禽粪便、农作物秸秆、农膜基本资源化利用的“一控两减三基本”目标任务，正式打响了农业面源污染治理攻坚战。经过几年的努力，我们已经取得一些成绩，化肥用量接近零增长，农药用量已经连续两年减少，畜禽粪便、农作物秸秆、废旧农膜资源化利用正在大力推进。但是，应当清醒地认识到，农业面源污染非一朝一夕所致，其解决也不可能一蹴而就。习近平总书记明确指出“生态环境保护是一个长期任务，要久久为功”，因此，我们既要打好眼前这场攻坚战，也要做好打持久战的准备。这就要求我们对农业面源污染的方方面面进行深入研究，包括科学上的问题、技术上的问题、政策上的问题等，本书对这些问题都做出了有针对性的回应。本书内容全面，系统性强，主要体现在：研究对农业面源污染状况分析和判断的全面性，既有当前形势，也有历史回顾，还对趋势进行了研判；研究的视野既包括国内实践，也包括国际经验；研究的对象既包括微观层面的农户行为，又有宏观层面的政策分析；研究提出的解决方案，既有技术清单，又有制度安排。另外，研究的过程贯穿了党的十八大以来的5年，一些阶段性成果为有关决策提供了重要的支撑。这是一部既具有前瞻性、又适应时代需求的重要著作。三位主要作者长期以来都在从不同侧面研究农业面源污染问题，这本著作也是一项成功的跨学科成果。金书秦同志具有环境经济学背景，是近年来农业资源环境保护政策领域涌现出来的优秀青年学者，擅长运用制度经济学来分析环境问题，且长期参与决策咨询工作，这使得本书既有经济学的基调，又充分考虑政策约束；沈贵银同志具有农业经济背景，是知名的“三农”政策专家，对农业宏观政策有很好的把握，这能够确保农业面源污染治理始终不脱离我国“三农”的实际；刘宏斌同志具有农学背景，是农业面源污染治理领域的知名学者，担任农业部面源污染控制重点实验室主任、中国农业科学院科技创新工程碳氮循环与面源污染团队首席科学家，对农业面源污染形成的科学机理有深入研究，为本书的科学性和技术应用性提供了有力保障。当前，我们正在加快推进农业绿色发展，让农业回归其本色，这是农业发展观的一场深刻革命，也是农业供给侧结构性改革的主攻方向。农业面源污染是制约农业绿色发展的瓶颈问题，也是社会公众关注的重点和难点，因此，治理面源污染既是农业绿色发展的行动体现，也回应了社会公众关切，充分体现了以习近平总书记为核心的党中央以人民为核心的发展理念。我期待这本著作在农业绿色发展这场革命中发挥其应有的作用，也希望本书的作者们能继续深入研究，为农业面源污染治理做出更大贡献。农业部党组成员、中国农业科学院院长中国工程院院士

简介： 我国西部地区在发展过程中，面临着严峻的生态环境问题。生态文明是马克思主义自然观在中国的实践，也是指导我国特别是西部地区走出生态困境的必然选择。本书从生态文明的视角，对西部地区生态保护与治理问题进行了深入的研究。重点研究了中国共产党对文明观的继承与发展、生态文明观与生态文明、我国西部地区面临的生态问题分析、西部生态保护与治理中的问题、马克思主义生态文明观指导下的生态保护与治理、西部地区生态保护与治理的对策建议。研究结论特别强调生态保护与治理必须要有正确的指导思想，必须处理好带有全局性的几个关系：（1）多种文明协调发展的关系；（2）发展与保护的关系；（3）整体利益与局部利益的关系；（4）现实利益与长远利益的关系；（5）责任与权利的关系；（6）政府的主导性与群体自觉性的关系；（7）环境治理与量力而行的关系；（8）法律规范与教育引导的关系。强调生态保护与治理必须加强制度创新、经济创新、科技创新与文化创新等。

简介： 本研究以山东省L村为个案，围绕这一个案，对该地20世纪90年代前和90年代以后村民的生存力‘式于环境的深刻影响进行了细致的描述、对比与分析，对围绕L村环境污染引发的环境维权和环境治理模式进行了深入的探讨。在经验层面试图同答如下两个问题，即乡村社会环境在不同历史时期呈现出怎样的特点，这些特点与人们的生存方式具有怎样的逻辑性关联；在现有生存方式和乡村社会关系形态下，环境污染治理面临哪些结构性与制度性网境，熟人伦理与乡村社会秩序又是如何作用并加 强了 环境污染的形成机制与环境治理的破坏机制的。在此基础上，作者尝试发展“生存者的致害者化”和“生存环境主义”等理论来解释我国农村地区环境污染的形成机理与治理路径。

简介： Natural scientists have long suggested that climate change would have significant and far-reaching impacts on natural ecosystems and human survival. In recent years，the frequent occurrence of droughts and floods，extreme weather，hurricanes，blizzards，etc. have brought tremendous and irretrievable loss to human survival，social development，plant and animal breeding，environment and energy security，which not only confirms the natural scientists' predictions also sounds a warning to all mankind. Facing the threat which climate change brought to humanity，the international community organized a series of activities on climate change，and launched substantial exploration works both from policy and academic research，what's more，the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change（IPCC）was established in 1988，so far the IPCC has published five IPCC climate assessment reports，which indicate that climate change has become a major issue related to the political and economic interests.However，policy-makers and experts have been exploring the issues of climate risk governance on the highest stage，while the public has no right to intervene. But as one of stakeholders in climate change and those who fulfill the social responsibility，the public must obey the decision makers and experts. Nevertheless，experts are not elected by the public，their decisions may show selection bias due to their different roles in democracy. Public whether to obey the expert-decision will be questioned by legitimacy，so the public worries and doubts to expert decisions and the public trust in experts become an important issue.This study first reviews the previous theoretical research of public trust，the model formation and empirical study，and analyzes the factors affecting public trust in the existing research. In order to measure the public trust in experts in Chinese special circumstances and cultural background，the paper make a public survey in China's ten provinces based on the SVS model and the TCC model，using the quantitative research method to survey the public trust in experts，public risk perception of climate change，public risk communication conditions，cultural value of the public，the credibility of climate change events and public attitudes to risk management，then build the equation model of the public trust in experts by statistical software such as AMOS，SPSS，STATA，further analyze the effects of the factors of the risk perception，risk communication，cultural value，the event credibility，risk governance and urban-rural difference on public trust，and discuss the interactions between all these factors.The results show that the public trustin experts is positively related to the risk communication，value similarity，event credibility and risk governance，among which，value similarity is the core factor；In the interaction of other factors，little or no impact of risk perception on public trust is found；In our country's social and cultural background，the public trust in experts is also affected by urban-rural gap，residents living in urban areas have more confidence in the experts than those living in rural areas. On the basis of the survey results，this paper make further discussion and analysis on the factors affecting public trust in experts to provide basis for facilitating communication between the public and experts in risk management，improving public trust in experts and raising the efficiency of China's climate risk governance.Key Words：Climate Change Risk；Risk Governance；Public Trust in Experts；Value Similarity

简介： ——建设美丽中国　品鉴“美丽水乡”本书将带您走近一个“似海如谜”的湖泊水乡，并为洁净我们共同的“菜篮子”、“米袋子”和“水缸子”探讨政策方略;为构建人水和谐的美丽水乡积累政策经验;为保护我们美丽的地球家园凝聚政策思想。本书是2010年教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目课题“城乡统筹发展中的典型区域农村水环境治理研究”(10YJCZH064)的最终成果。在此感谢该基金项目的出版资助，感谢教育部社科司、华中师范大学的领导和老师为课题的顺利结题所付出的辛勤工作。本书以云南洱海流域为例，采用案例研究与政策分析相结合的方法，通过构建“环境绩效不确定性”的政策分析框架，侧重分析评价了洱海治理的绩效、机制及其变迁;分析了国家“治水进村”政策的绩效机制及其特征，并通过政策问题的重构，提出了农村水环境治理及政策设计的框架，指明了农村水环境保护的根本出路。本书共五章。第一章导论。主要阐述了本书研究的背景、研究的问题、研究的基本思路与方法、研究的进展、相关的理论基础，最后从环境空间外部性、持续政策过程的不确定性和模糊性、“环境—政策”系统决策的知识社会学特征等三个方面提出并构建了环境绩效“不确定性”的跨学科政策分析框架。第二章洱海流域和区域背景。介绍了洱海及流域的自然环境特征、洱海作为云贵高原湖泊的典型特征、洱海流域社会经济概况、区域地理环境与地方发展的特色，分析了洱海流域人水关系的变迁及问题。第三章洱海治理绩效评价。首先，应用EKC假说及其计量模型，并采用湖泊水质指标和流域人均GDP的时序数据对洱海治理的绩效和湖泊水环境与经济的协调性进行了评价分析;其次，从湖泊流域系统的概念模型出发，通过构建综合评价指标体系，从而对洱海治理的绩效予以系统评价;最后，从污染物、污染源的城乡二元结构和结构性污染现状与趋势出发，分析评价了洱海治理的绩效。第四章洱海治理的机制及其变迁。分析了洱海治理的立法机制与规制机制;流域保护治理的领导体制与运行机制;研究了洱海流域水污染防治的规划决策机制;分析了洱海流域水污染治理与“项目制”的运行，介绍了项目的财政投入与融资机制、“项目进村”的运行机制、农业面源污染防治与生态补偿机制。第五章“治水进村”政策的顶层设计探析。围绕洱海治理变迁和“治水进村”进行了总结性分析;从国家“治水进村”的项目制、农村水环境政策的纵向和横向运行机制三个方面分析了国家治水战略与治水绩效的机制特征;介绍了两种农村水环境治理体制设计的思路，分析提出了农村水环境治理的政策学习框架;通过政策问题的重构，分析提出了基于农村水环境民生问题的政策设计思路;最后对中国化肥EKC进行了实证检验，从发展方式转变的角度阐明了中国农村水环境保护的根本出路。本书也是在本人博士论文《洱海治理政策分析:从点到面的约束与变迁》的基础上修改而成的。特别感谢我的导师丁烈云教授的悉心指导，正是他点燃了我学术研究的星星之火。同时，非常感谢各位论文评审专家和论文答辩委员会专家的专业点评与鼓励。从2008年6月开始，在丁烈云教授的指导下，本人参与了学校承担的国家水体污染治理控制与治理科技重大专项“洱海项目”子课题(2009ZX07105－001－03)的调查与研究工作。这是本书选题与数据资料的主要来源。不同的是，“水专项”课题偏重工程技术研究的路径，本书在方法论上采用了环境政策分析的路径，具有把环境分析、技术分析和制度分析结合起来进行跨学科研究的特色。这种跨学科研究，建立在对诸多学术前辈和学术同仁前期研究成果的学习、借鉴和引用的基础上，受益于他们学术知识的创造与传承。当然，限于个人能力水平，本书存在的不足和不妥之处在所难免，恳请大家批评指正!本书的出版还得到了本人2012年开始主持承担的国家社会科学基金青年项目“公共服务均等化视角下农村小型水利政策改革研究”(12CZZ032)课题经费的资助，吸纳了该课题的阶段性成果。因此，本书的出版也是一个新的学术探索征程的开启。最后特别向本书的出版和编校人员，向我现在所在的工作单位中共湖北省委党校(湖北省行政学院)的领导、同事，向所有为我个人和本书的出版给予帮助和默默奉献的恩人致谢!柯高峰2014年元月

简介： 本书基于田野调査、问卷调査、内容分析、话语分析等方法，聚焦化工、核电、采矿、气候变化等环境风险，旨在理解风险信号的传递如何影响公众的风险感知、态度与行为，导致其放大或减轻环境风险、诉诸群体事件或恐惧控制策略。研究进一步探索公众选择、过滤、阐释风险信号背后的诸多心理与社会因素，包括公众的人口学特征、直觉判断、社会信任、环境价值观、环境正义观、政治效能感，以及对当地地理、文化与生计脆弱性的感知。针对上述影响公众风险反应的因素，本书从媒介、公众与政府三重视角探讨风险传播治理的可能性。

简介： Land desertification is not only a global ecological environment problem，but also a restricting factor to sustainable economic and social development.Ningxia HUI Autonomous Region is one of the provinces most seriously harmed by desertification in China.Data from the fourth monitoring on desertification indicates the land area of desertification reaches up to 2.898 million hectares accounting for 55.8% of the nationwide area.Since the 1970s，China has been implementing in Ningxia a succession of projects to control the desertification，such as Three-North Shelterbelt project，farmland into forest and grassland，small watershed in mountain region，The Natural Forest Conservation，closing hillsides to prohibit herding，etc，which in total 522，000 hectares are controlled so far.Ningxia is the first in the country to achieve the overall reversion of land desertification.The implementation of the Desertification control to improve the ecological situation and to promote the local economic construction plays an important role in the revitalization of the regional economy.During the process of desertification，it is worthwhile for us to study how to make effective capital investment，how to enhance the control effect，how to measure the ecological，economic，social benefits，and how to practically improve the living standards of farmers and herdsmen.Based on the standardized research and empirical research，quantitative research and qualitative research in association with the theories and methods of ecology，ecological economics，system science，landscape ecology and other kinds together with the practice of Ningxia desertification control，this paper starts with the descriptive analysis on Desertification control project on the ecological environment and social economic influence in the region，analyzes the effect of the project on the agricultural comprehensive productivity，production efficiency of farmer household，farmers’ income and consumption structure，studies with energy theory the economic and ecological effects of pre and post Ningxia desertification controlling，and utilizes quantitative research on the coupling conditions by using the coupling degree model and coordination degree model of Ningxia before and after the treatment of desertification of the eco-economic system.It illustrates the quantitative evaluation on the comprehensive benefit of the project.The main results of this research could be concluded as follows：（1）According to different participation of the government and market on desertification control，the management patterns of desertification in Ningxia are divided into three types—the government-led，rural community self-governed，ecological （participatory management），market oriented.This paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the government-dominated the internal operation mechanism of desertification control system.Three-North Shelterbelt project and farmland into forest and grassland are the typical type of government-dominant desertification.The former is driven by the force of the government while the latter is passive participation by rural households.Meanwhile the paper talks about the operation mechanism of Ningxia in the introduction of Germany aid project in the process of participatory management；discusses the necessity and feasibility of constructing the market desertification governance that can effectively consolidate the desertification results and solve the ecological problems and poverty.The system of desertification control market is created：government regulation as the core，with farmers and commissioned companies as cooperation are the framework for the ecological environment governance system.（2）Based on the actual situation of research location，the spatiotemporal changes of ecosystem service function and value combined with a series of are measured by such indexes as water storage，soil conservation，air purification and others，associated with a series of scientific methods.The project has changed agricultural comprehensive productivity，farmers’ production efficiency，farmers’ income and consumption structure in Ningxia，and the changes have been studied in this thesis.The results show that：On the aspect of agricultural comprehensive productivity，before the project，the total sown area，agricultural labor and the quantity of chemical fertilizer all affect the total agricultural output value greatly.After the project，the elasticity coefficient of agricultural labor reduced 0.079，while the elasticity coefficient of land productivity increased by 0.639，from 3.442 to 4.081.And the elasticity coefficient of chemical fertilizer rose up slightly.Contribution degree of desertification controlling policy to the gross agricultural production is 0.247.On the aspect of effect analysis of farmers’ agricultural production efficiency：after the project，the agricultural technology efficiency and comprehensive production efficiency have been increased gradually，while scale efficiency went down following growth.The relaxation of input-output of agricultural resources including agricultural labor，chemical fertilizer，pesticide，seeds and plastic mulch shows decreasing trend.The analysis of the investigation indicated：Farmer income appears to be on the increase and the income structure tends to be diversified.After the project，consumption pattern of farmers has been changed；while fewer expenses are for foods，more expenses are required to be on healthcare and education，etc.（3）On the basis of the theory and method of energy value，the research evaluated the ecological and economic effects of desertification control in Ningxia HUI Autonomous Region through analyzing the difference between the totalinput and output of ecosystem energy value.The results showed that both the total input and output energy value increased，From1975 to 2013，the input energy value went up from 6.98E+22sej to 8.43E+22sej，increased 20.77%.Output energy value went up from 1.75E+22sej to 2.64E+22sej，increased 50.8%.It is much large than the former.In the structure of the input energy value，Non-renewable environment source inputs show a downward trend，suggesting the positive effect of the desertification control on reducing soil erosion；the amount of renewable organic energy input is declining.When the structure of the total energy value output is diversified，the planting dominance is outweighed by the forestry.Meanwhile，the energy value investment ratio and environmental loading ratio increase early and decrease later，the net energy output ratio increased again after early increase and later decrease.（4）With the analytic hierarchy process and by establishing the coupling degree model，the desertification control ecosystem’s coupling conditions in the NINGXIA HUI were quantitatively evaluated.The researches indicated that the level of ecological has greatly improved.The type of coupling coordinated was in the brink of depression initially.Now it is in the primary type of coordination.It indicated that the ecosystem’s coupling condition was gradually improved.Because of natural conditions and long-term implementation on engineering.The coupling situation in the NINGXIA HUI Autonomous Region was still not so good，basically in the stage of at primary coordination development.To achieve a higher harmonious level and coordinate the progress of ecological economization and economic ecologization，the High Efficient Eco-economic Zone Plan should be strictly implanted.（5）The benefit evaluation index system and evaluation modeling have been established to analyze the comprehensive benefit value changes before and after the desertification control project.The comprehensive benefit value went up to 0.4 in 2004 from 0.16 in 1978，upgraded to the level of middle；while in 2012，the value was 0.6，indicating the control efficiency developed to be better.Key Words：desertification control，synthetic benefit，eco-economic system，coupling effects

简介： 发达国家先污染后治理的传统工业化道路，付出了巨大的环境代价。在公民社会、理论界、政府等各方力量的长期互动下，直到20世纪末，环境库兹涅茨倒U形曲线才出现拐点，环境质量开始缓慢改善。外国的环境公共治理理论、法律制度及治理模式是伴随环境问题的出现而出现、伴随环境问题的发展而发展的。自18世纪60年代英国开启第一次工业革命以来，围绕环境污染和环境破坏以及由此衍生的环境保护、环境质量、环境公平、环境权等各种环境问题，环境伦理学、环境哲学、环境法学、环境政治学、环境经济学、环境社会学、环境管理学等相继诞生;环境社会科学理论的发展与创新，又推动了环境公共治理制度创新和管理模式创新。环境公共治理理论、制度与模式是相辅相成、相互促进的。环境公共治理的最终目的是保护环境、改善环境质量，促进人与自然和谐共生。环境是人类生存和活动的场所，也是源源不断地向人类提供生产和消费所需自然资源的供应基地。环境质量(通常用环境污染程度衡量)——大气、水、土壤以及生物环境质量等，属于基本公共品，是人群生存、繁衍以及社会经济发展所不可或缺的共同性条件。从经济学角度看，环境质量受着环境负外部性与环境正外部性两个方面的影响，改善环境质量，或者采取各种约束机制消除或减轻环境负外部性效应，或者采取各种激励机制放大环境正外部性效应，抑或双管齐下。从负外部性入手，主要研究环境法律制度、环境税费政策、环境规制以及市场手段等矫正环境污染负外部性的机理及效应;从正外部性入手，主要研究政府及其他社会组织提供环境监管、环境监测、环境信息、环境教育、环境应急、环境救助以及环境基础设施等各种环境基本公共服务的机理、制度安排、模式及效应。基于这样的认识，在研究主题凝练上，我们是以“环境质量”为核心，以环境正负外部性矫正为切入点，从环境公共治理理论、法律制度与管理模式三个层面，对选择的样本国家的环境公共治理进行分析。需要指出的是，尽管环境正负外部性的矫正离不开政府，甚至需要政府主导，但是，仅靠单一的政府机制及行政手段来解决错综复杂的环境问题是难以奏效的。从发达国家的实践经验看，环境治理和环境保护事业的最初推动力量是来自社会公众，通常是社会公众或社会自主治理组织对某种环境问题的持续关注，或者对环境公平的不懈追求，推动政府和污染企业的跟进;发达国家环境治理制度变迁的轨迹及趋势，也是朝着不断扩大环境民主和公众参与深度和广度的方向发展的，公众及民间团体的介入加速环境问题的解决，并唤起工商企业、各级政府、城乡居民户的环境自觉。发达国家环境公共治理的主体是多元化的，在结构上，是一个多层次、多元互动的网络化体系，政府与其他治理主体之间是一种平等的合作互动关系。发达国家在几百年的环境公共治理实践中逐步形成的相对稳定成熟的治理机制，具有治理主体多元化、治理手段多样化、治理程序民主化、治理信息透明化等特征，值得我们去认真研究、总结。中国正处于工业化、城镇化加速进程之中，环境库兹涅茨倒U形曲线也正处在加速上升阶段。一方面，中国沿袭了发达国家传统工业化道路，加之工业化时间短、进程快，导致各种结构性环境风险叠加式爆发，由环境风险引起的经济社会风险不断积聚;另一方面，面对错综复杂的环境问题，中国环境公共治理的理念、法律制度以及治理模式等都难以适应环境治理实践的要求，治理主体和治理手段单一、法律制度不完善、体制机制创新滞后、公民参与程度低、治理信息不透明等诸多缺陷显露无遗。中国当下的环境问题，与发达国家20世纪五六十年代的环境问题具有惊人的相似之处。研究外国环境治理理论、制度与模式，目的在于汲取它们的经验教训、开阔视野和思路，前车之鉴，鉴往知来，促进中国环境公共治理理论创新、制度创新、管理模式创新以及体制机制转换，提高中国环境公共治理绩效。